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, Is an essential piece of information required to unscramble the biochemical steps taken during fertilization and may lead to a better understanding of infertility and better treatments for it, says Anne Dell , the biochemist at Imperial College London who led the research.In particular, with the precise knowledge of a human ovum's carbohydrate structure, researchers will be more likely to find the protein on human sperm that recognizes the sugar, comments Luca Jovine , an X-ray crystallographer who studies fertilization-related proteins at Karolinska Institute in Stockholm.
The work is also "a real technical achievement," comments Pablo E. Visconti , who studies fertilization at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Human egg samples, he explains, are so rare that it's hard to get enough samples to study low-volume components of fertilization biochemistry.
Like the eggs of many other animal species, human ova are dressed in a thick protective coat of proteins and sugars called the zona pellucida (ZP). The particular proteins and sugars differ with the species.
When Dell and her colleagues, who include the University of Missouri's Gary F. Clark and the University of Hong Kong's William S. B. Yeung, went looking for the identity of the sugary antennae located on ZP proteins, they found that the carbohydrate surface of human ZP was covered in sialyl Lewis is almost the only sugar found on the terminal part of carbohydrate groups on human egg cell surfaces. "This was a big surprise for two reasons," Dell says. First, mouse ova have a diverse mix of terminal sugars, and one would have suspected that the sugars on human eggs would be equally if not more diverse, instead of less. Second, sialyl Lewis , Visconti says. He points out that a competing fertilization theory, based on genetic studies, proposes that a sperm recognizes the overall macromolecular structure of the egg's protective coating.
There's also a chance that both theories are correct, Jovine says. "I wouldn't be surprised if evolution has introduced a bit of redundancy into the fertilization process" to ensure survival of the species.
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The identity of the sugar, called sialyl Lewis x , is an essential piece of information required to unscramble the biochemical steps taken during fertilization and may lead to a better understanding of infertility and better treatments for it,
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